1st Year Physics Formulas
All 1st Year Physics formulas, chapter by chapter, with search and a printable layout.
Chapters are placed in 1st or 2nd Year following the usual Punjab and Federal board outline. Your board may order chapters differently, so check your own syllabus.
Work & Energy (10)
| Formula | Expression |
|---|---|
| Work Done | W = Fd cosθ |
| Kinetic Energy | KE = ½mv² |
| Potential Energy | PE = mgh |
| Power | P = W/t |
| Spring PE | PE = ½kx² |
| Efficiency (machines) | η = Output/Input × 100 |
| Elastic PE (general) | U = ½Fx |
| Work-Energy Theorem | W = ΔKE |
| Power Delivered by a Force | P = Fv cosθ |
| Efficiency of a Machine | η = (Output Energy/Input Energy) × 100% |
Rotational Motion (11)
| Formula | Expression |
|---|---|
| Torque | τ = rF sinθ |
| Moment of Inertia | I = Σmr² |
| Angular Momentum | L = Iω |
| Rotational KE | KE = ½Iω² |
| Angular Velocity | ω = Δθ/Δt |
| Angular Acceleration | α = Δω/Δt |
| Centripetal Force | Fc = mv²/r |
| Centripetal Acceleration | ac = v²/r |
| Radius of Gyration | k = √(I/m) |
| Rotational Kinetic Energy | KE = ½Iω² |
| Moment of Inertia (Point Mass) | I = mr² |
Gravitation (8)
| Formula | Expression |
|---|---|
| Newton's Law | F = Gm₁m₂/r² |
| Gravitational PE | U = -GMm/r |
| Orbital Velocity | v = √(GM/r) |
| Escape Velocity | v = √(2GM/r) |
| Time Period (orbit) | T = 2π√(r³/GM) |
| Gravitational Field Strength | g = GM/r² |
| Kepler's Third Law (Simple Form) | T²/R³ = constant |
| Gravitational Potential Energy (General) | U = -GMm/r |
Thermodynamics (18)
| Formula | Expression |
|---|---|
| 1st Law | ΔU = Q - W |
| Ideal Gas Law | PV = nRT |
| Heat Capacity | Q = mcΔT |
| Efficiency | η = 1 - Tc/Th |
| 2nd Law (entropy) | ΔS ≥ 0 |
| Carnot Efficiency | η = 1 − Tc/Th |
| Linear Expansion | ΔL = L₀αΔT |
| Isothermal Work Done | W = nRT ln(V₂/V₁) |
| Boyle's Law | P1V1 = P2V2 (constant T) |
| Charles's Law | V1/T1 = V2/T2 (constant P) |
| Gay-Lussac's Law | P1/T1 = P2/T2 (constant V) |
| Molar Specific Heat Relation | Cp − Cv = R |
| Degree of Freedom Internal Energy | U = (f/2)nRT |
| Work Done at Constant Pressure | W = PΔV |
| Heat Engine Efficiency (basic) | η = W(output)/Q(input) |
| Coefficient of Performance (Refrigerator) | COP = Qc/W |
| Efficiency of Carnot Engine | η = 1 - Tc/Th |
| Work Done in Isothermal Process | W = nRT ln(Vf/Vi) |
Waves & Sound (14)
| Formula | Expression |
|---|---|
| Wave Speed | v = fλ |
| Doppler Effect | f' = f(v±vₒ)/(v∓vₛ) |
| Frequency-Period | f = 1/T |
| Intensity of Sound | I = P/A |
| Beat Frequency | fbeat = |f₁ − f₂| |
| Fundamental Frequency (Stretched String) | f₁ = v/2L |
| Speed of Sound in Air (vs Temperature) | v = 331 + 0.6T (m/s) |
| Organ Pipe Closed at One End (Fundamental) | f1 = v/4L |
| Organ Pipe Open at Both Ends (Fundamental) | f1 = v/2L |
| Wavelength-Frequency Relation | v = fλ |
| Loudness (Decibel Scale) | β = 10 log10(I/I0) dB |
| Resonance Tube (concept) | air column resonates at odd multiples of quarter wavelength |
| Wave Speed Equation | v = fλ |
| Mach Number | M = v_object/v_sound |
Optics (18)
| Formula | Expression |
|---|---|
| Lens Formula | 1/f = 1/v - 1/u |
| Snell's Law | n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂ |
| Magnification (lens) | m = v/u = h_i/h_o |
| Power of Lens | P = 1/f (in metres) |
| Critical Angle | sinθc = 1/n |
| Mirror Formula | 1/f = 1/v + 1/u |
| Magnification (Mirror) | m = −v/u |
| Refractive Index | n = c/v |
| Snell's Law (n form) | n1 sinθ1 = n2 sinθ2 |
| Simple Microscope Magnification | M = 1 + D/f |
| Compound Microscope Magnification | M = (L/fo)(D/fe) |
| Astronomical Telescope Magnification | M = fo/fe |
| Human Eye Near Point | D = 25 cm (normal eye) |
| Resolving Power of Microscope | RP = 2n sinθ/λ |
| Lens Maker Equation | 1/f = (n-1)(1/R1 - 1/R2) |
| Magnification (Lens) | m = v/u = hi/ho |
| Critical Angle for Total Internal Reflection | θc = sin⁻¹(n2/n1) |
| Power of a Lens | P = 1/f (in Diopters) |
Fluid Mechanics (12)
| Formula | Expression |
|---|---|
| Bernoulli | P + ½ρv² + ρgh = const |
| Continuity | A₁v₁ = A₂v₂ |
| Archimedes' | F_b = ρVg |
| Pressure in Fluid | P = ρgh |
| Pascal's Law | P₁ = P₂ (transmitted equally) |
| Terminal Velocity (Stokes) | vₜ = 2r²(ρ−σ)g/9η |
| Buoyant Force | FB = ρ(fluid) g V(displaced) |
| Torricelli's Theorem | v = √(2gh) |
| Surface Tension | T = F/L |
| Capillary Rise | h = 2Tcosθ/(ρgr) |
| Equation of Continuity | A1v1 = A2v2 |
| Stokes' Law (Terminal Velocity) | vt = 2r²(ρ - σ)g/9η |
Oscillations (7)
| Formula | Expression |
|---|---|
| SHM Displacement | x = A sin(ωt + φ) |
| Simple Pendulum Period | T = 2π√(L/g) |
| Spring Period | T = 2π√(m/k) |
| SHM Max Velocity | vₘₐₓ = Aω |
| SHM Total Energy | E = ½kA² |
| Spring-Mass System Period | T = 2π√(m/k) |
| Angular Frequency of SHM | ω = 2π/T = √(k/m) |
Circular Motion (2)
| Formula | Expression |
|---|---|
| Centripetal Force | F = mv²/r |
| Angular Velocity | ω = v/r = 2π/T |
Wave Optics (3)
| Formula | Expression |
|---|---|
| Young's Double Slit | y = mλD/d |
| Diffraction Grating | d sinθ = mλ |
| Young's Double Slit Fringe Spacing | Δy = λD/d |
Errors & Measurements (3)
| Formula | Expression |
|---|---|
| Percentage Error | %E = (Δa/a) × 100 |
| Absolute Error | Δa = |a_measured − a_true| |
| Fractional Error | Δx/x |
Vectors (6)
| Formula | Expression |
|---|---|
| Resultant Vector | R = √(A²+B²+2ABcosθ) |
| Vector Components | Aₓ = A cosθ, Aᵧ = A sinθ |
| Dot Product | A·B = AB cosθ |
| Cross Product Magnitude | |A×B| = AB sinθ |
| Angle Between Two Vectors | cosθ = (A·B)/(|A||B|) |
| Unit Vector (Physics) | â = A/|A| |
Projectile Motion (4)
| Formula | Expression |
|---|---|
| Time of Flight | T = 2u sinθ/g |
| Max Height | H = u²sin²θ/2g |
| Range | R = u²sin2θ/g |
| Range of Projectile | R = u²sin2θ/g |
Acoustics (8)
| Formula | Expression |
|---|---|
| Speed of Sound in Air | v = 331 + 0.6T (T in °C) |
| Sound Intensity Level | β = 10 log₁₀(I/I₀) dB |
| Doppler Effect (Source Moving Toward) | f' = f(v/(v - vs)) |
| Doppler Effect (Source Moving Away) | f' = f(v/(v + vs)) |
| Fundamental Frequency (Open Pipe) | f1 = v/2L |
| Fundamental Frequency (Closed Pipe) | f1 = v/4L |
| Reverberation Time (Sabine) | RT60 = 0.161V/A |
| Sound Wave Pressure Amplitude | ΔP = ρvωs₀ |
Vibrations & Damping (5)
| Formula | Expression |
|---|---|
| Damped Oscillation Amplitude | A(t) = A₀e^(-bt/2m) |
| Damped Angular Frequency | ω' = √(ω₀² - (b/2m)²) |
| Quality Factor (Damped Oscillator) | Q = ω₀m/b |
| Resonance Condition (Driven Oscillator) | ωdriving = ω₀ |
| Logarithmic Decrement | δ = ln(A₁/A₂) |
More class-wise formulas
Formulas are for revision. Always follow the notation and rounding used in your own textbook and board papers.
FAQ
How many 1st Year Physics formulas are on this page?
129 formulas in 15 chapters.
Can I print the 1st Year Physics formulas?
Yes. Press Print / Save as PDF. The page switches to a clean black-on-white layout without menus.
How do I find one formula quickly?
Type a word such as velocity, area or mole in the search box. Only matching formulas stay visible.
Do the formulas follow my board syllabus?
They follow the usual school and intermediate syllabus, but chapter lists differ between boards. Check your own syllabus for what is included in your exam.